The following highlighted post features our paper “Metabolic fates of evening crop-stored sugar in ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)”
Read this post in its entirety here.
https://www.picarro.com/using_stable_carbon_isotopes_to_track_and_quantify_metabolic_fates_of_evening_meals_in_hummingbirds
At Picarro, we enjoy seeing how research groups at the forefront of Science are using our systems in their research. We’d like to thank Erich R. Eberts, Dr. Morag F. Dick, and the entire team at the lab of Dr. Ken Welch (Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough) for making this study on Metabolic Fates of evening meals in hummingbirds possible. Read on.
Anyone who has watched a hummingbird frantically sip from a flower or feeder can appreciate how beautiful, hyperactive, and hungry these tiny birds are. It often seems that they are constantly on the move, fiendishly searching for and defending the flowers that contain the sugary nectar they depend on to fuel their frenzied day-time activities. But when the sun sets, hummingbirds retreat to their nighttime roosts and suspend their feeding-frenzy for a long night’s rest.
However, just like us, hummingbirds might also snack before bed. Common observations of intense feeding behavior in wild hummingbirds during the evening suggest that hummingbirds may store sugar in their crop (a food storage organ in some bird species’ throats). By “tanking up” this “storage depot” in the evening, hummingbirds could supplement their nighttime energy supply. Hummingbirds might be able meter this meal out throughout the night and take advantage of the full energetic value of the sugar in this meal. Alternatively, they could quickly absorb this meal and convert it to fat, a more stable and energetically dense fuel. However, hummingbirds that convert the sugar to fat would lose 15% of the meal’s energy during the inefficient chemical conversion between energy currencies. Either way, by filling their crop in the evening, hummingbirds could ease the major daily challenge for survival when it is too dark for them to find food.
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Welch Jr., K. C. and Rossi, G. S. (2025). The sugar oxidation cascade: Convergent metabolic strategies in hovering vertebrate nectarivores. Journal of Experimental Biology accepted.
Oelbaum, P. J., Soljmosi, R., Lazure, L., Daghfous, G. and Welch, K. C. (2025). Dietary protein and reproductive condition influence wound healing in the Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. Can. J. Zool. 103, 1–11.
Sandoval-Herrera, N., Lara-Jacobo, L., Faure, P. A., Simmons, D. and Welch, K. (2025). Systemic Effects of Pesticides on Insectivorous Bats: A Proteomics Approach. Integrative And Comparative Biology icaf121.
Rossi, G. S. and Welch, K. C. (2024). Vampire bats rapidly fuel running with essential or non-essential amino acids from a blood meal. Biol. Lett. 20, 20240453.
Rossi, G. S., Elbassiouny, A., Jamison, J. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2024). Heat exposure limits pentose phosphate pathway activity in bumblebees. Conservation Physiology 12, coae031.
Oelbaum, P. J., Hall, R. P., Whyte, D. L., Stewart, R. S., Pauel, J., Kouwenberg, S., Dumont, E. R. and Welch, K. C. (2024). Reproductive populations of the Critically Endangered bat Phyllonycteris aphylla at two new locations in Jamaica. Oryx 1–5.
Donkersteeg, C., Peters, H., Jerome, C., Menzies, C., Welch, K. C., Guillette, L. and Dakin, R. (2023). Learning when to learn: hummingbirds adjust their exploration behaviour to match the value of information.
Shankar, A., Welch, K. C., Eberts, E. R., Geiser, F., Halter, S., Keicher, L., Levesque, D. L., Nowack, J., Wolf, B. O. and Wolfe, S. W. (2023). Daily Torpor in Birds and Mammals: Past, Present, and Future of the Field. Integrative And Comparative Biology icad095.
Rossi, G. S. and Welch, K. C. (2023). Leptin Resistance Does Not Facilitate Migratory Fattening in Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds ( Archilochus Colubris ). Integrative And Comparative Biology icad046.
Gershman, A., Hauck, Q., Dick, M., Jamison, J. M., Tassia, M., Agirrezabala, X., Muhammad, S., Ali, R., Workman, R. E., Valle, M., et al. (2023). Genomic insights into metabolic flux in hummingbirds. Genome Res. gr.276779.122.
Sandoval-Herrera, N., Castillo, J. P., Ching, Ma. E. A., Herrera M., L. G., Faure, P. A. and Welch, K. (2023). Non-destructive methods to assess pesticide exposure in free-living bats. Science of The Total Environment 162011.
Sandoval-Herrera, N., Lara-Jacobo, L., Soto, J. S. V., Faure, P. A., Simmons, D. and Welch, K. (2022). Common insecticide affects spatial navigation in bats at environmentally-realistic doses.
Sandoval-Herrera, N. I., Mastromonaco, G. F., Becker, D. J., Simmons, N. B. and Welch, K. C. (2021). Inter- and intra-specific variation in hair cortisol concentrations of Neotropical bats. Conservation Physiology 9, coab053.
Eberts, E. R., Guglielmo, C. G. and Welch, K. C., Jr (2021). Reversal of the adipostat control of torpor during migration in hummingbirds. eLife 10, e70062.
Lyons, S. A., Tate, K. B., Welch Jr., K. C. and McClelland, G. B. (2021). Lipid oxidation during thermogenesis in high-altitude deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Am. J. Phyiol. R 320, R735–R746.
Herrera M., L. G., Bayram, N. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2021). Metabolic cost of inflammatory response of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). Avian Biology Research 14, 3–7.
English, S. G., Sandoval-Herrera, N. I., Bishop, C. A., Cartwright, M., Maisonneuve, F., Elliott, J. E. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2021). Neonicotinoid pesticides exert metabolic effects on avian pollinators. Scientific Reports 11, 2914.
Sandoval-Herrera, N. I., Castillo, J. P., Herrera M., L. G. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2021). Micronucleus test reveals genotoxic effects in bats associated with agricultural activity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 40, 202–207.
Ali, R. S., Dick, M. F., Muhammad, S., Sarver, D., Hou, L., G. William Wong and Welch, K. (2020). Glucose transporter expression and regulation following a fast in the ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris. Journal of Experimental Biology 223, jeb229989.
Richards, M., Cardama Garate, A., Groom, D., J. E., Tattersall, G. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2020). Effect of nest microclimate temperatures on metabolic rates of small carpenter bees, Ceratina calcarata. The Canadian Entomologist 152, 772–782.
Myrka, A. M., Shah, T., Weir, J. T. and Welch Jr., K. C. (2020). No signature of selection on the C-terminal region of glucose transporter 2 with the evolution of avian nectarivory. Avian Research 11, 44.
Dick, M. F., Alcantara-Tangonan, A., Oghli, Y. S. and Welch, K. C. (2020). Metabolic partitioning of sucrose and seasonal changes in fat turnover rate in ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). Journal of Experimental Biology 223, jeb212696.
LaBonte, J. P., Welch, K. C. and Suarez, R. K. (2011). Digestive performance in neonatal Southern Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus helleri). Can. J. Zool. 89, 705–713.
Rouvinen-Watt, K., Harris, L., Dick, M., Pal, C., Lei, S., Mustonen, A.-M. and Nieminen, P. (2012). Role of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in the development of fasting-induced fatty liver in the American mink (Neovison vison). British Journal of Nutrition 108, 1360–1370.
Mahalingam, S. (2012). Neuromuscular Control of Aerodynamic Power Output via Changes in Wingbeat Kinematics in the Flight Muscles of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris).
Bradley, S. S., Dick, M. F., Guglielmo, C. G. and Timoshenko, A. V. (2017). Seasonal and flight-related variation of galectin expression in heart, liver and flight muscles of yellow-rumped warblers (Setophaga coronata). Glycoconj J 34, 603–611.
Sehgal, P., Pollanen, M. and Daneman, N. (2019). A Retrospective Forensic Review of Unexpected Infectious Deaths. Open Forum Infect Dis 6,.
Mahalingam, S. (2017). THE STRESS OF BEING ON TOP: HIGH-ALTITUDE ADAPTATIONS AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF MITOCHONDRIA IN DEER MICE.
Thorn, M. W., Dick, M. F., Oviedo, L., Guglielmo, C. G. and Morbey, Y. E. (2018). Transgenerational effects of egg nutrients on the early development of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) across a thermal gradient. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 76, 1253–1262.
Dick, M. F. and Guglielmo, C. G. (2019). Flight muscle protein damage during endurance flight is related to energy expenditure but not dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in a migratory bird. Journal of Experimental Biology 222, jeb187708.
Yap, K. N., Dick, M. F., Guglielmo, C. G. and Williams, T. D. (2018). Effects of experimental manipulation of hematocrit on avian flight performance in high- and low-altitude conditions. Journal of Experimental Biology 221, jeb191056.
Dick, M. F. and Guglielmo, C. G. (2019). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids influence flight muscle oxidative capacity but not endurance flight performance in a migratory songbird. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 316, R362–R375.
Dick, M. (2017). The Long Haul: Migratory Flight Preparation and Performance in Songbirds.
Oelbaum, P. (2019). Stable Isotope Ecology of Tropical Bats.
Oelbaum, P. J., Fenton, M. B., Simmons, N. B. and Broders, H. G. (2019). Community structure of a Neotropical bat fauna as revealed by stable isotope analysis: Not all species fit neatly into predicted guilds. Biotropica 51, 719–730.
Murphy, M., Clare, E. L., Rydell, J., Yovel, Y., Bar-On, Y., Oelbaum, P. and Fenton, M. B. (2016). Opportunistic use of banana flower bracts by Glossophaga soricina. Acta Chirop 18, 209-213(5).
Murphy, M., Clare, E. L., Rydell, J., Yovel, Y., Bar-On, Y., Oelbaum, P. and Fenton, M. B. (2016). Opportunistic use of banana flower bracts by Glossophaga soricina.
Pope, W. H., Bandla, S., Colbert, A. K., Eichinger, F. G., Gamburg, M. B., Horiates, S. G., Jamison, J. M., Julian, D. R., Moore, W. A., Murthy, P., et al. (2016). Genome Sequences of Gordonia Phages BaxterFox, Kita, Nymphadora, and Yeezy. Genome Announc. 4, e00600.
Meyer, W. K., Jamison, J., Richter, R., Woods, S. E., Partha, R., Kowalczyk, A., Kronk, C., Chikina, M., Bonde, R. K., Crocker, D. E., et al. (2018). Ancient convergent losses of Paraoxonase 1 yield potential risks for modern marine mammals. Science 361, 591–594.
Sandoval-Herrera, N. I., Vargas-Soto, J. S., Espinoza, M., Clarke, T. M., Fisk, A. T. and Wehrtmann, I. S. (2016). Mercury levels in muscle tissue of four common elasmobranch species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Regional Studies in Marine Science 3, 254–261.
Sandoval-Herrera, N., Mena, F., Espinoza, M. and Romero, A. (2019). Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides could reduce the ability of fish to escape predation under low doses of exposure. Sci Rep 9, 1–11.
Groom, D. J. E., Bayram, N., Shehata, M., Herrera M., L. G. and Welch, K. C. (2019). Low ambient temperature reduces the time for fuel switching in the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 237, 110559.
Groom Derrick J. E., Deakin Jessica E., Lauzau M. Collette and Gerson Alexander R. (2019). The role of humidity and metabolic status on lean mass catabolism in migratory Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, 20190859.
Groom, Derrick J. E., Bayram, N., Shehata, Mary and Herrera M., L. Gerardo (2019). Low ambient temperature reduces the time for fuel switching in the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology Accepted, CBPA_2019_136R2.
Grillo, M. A. and Colombatto, S. (2008). Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs): involvement in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. Amino Acids 35, 29–36.
Levin, E., Lopez-Martinez, G., Fane, B. and Davidowitz, G. (2017). Hawkmoths use nectar sugar to reduce oxidative damage from flight. Science 355, 733–735.
Park, T. J., Reznick, J., Peterson, B. L., Blass, G., Omerbašić, D., Bennett, N. C., Kuich, P. H. J. L., Zasada, C., Browe, B. M., Hamann, W., et al. (2017). Fructose-driven glycolysis supports anoxia resistance in the naked mole-rat. Science 356, 307–311.
Welch, K. C., Myrka, A. M., Ali, R. S. and Dick, M. F. (2018). The metabolic flexibility of hovering vertebrate nectarivores. Physiology 33, 127–137.
Dick, M. F., Alcantara-Tangonan, A., Oghli, Y. S. and Welch Jr, Kenneth C. (2019). Now or Later: Differential fates for glucose and fructose in a nectarivore.
Eberts, E. R., Guglielmo, C. G. and Welch Jr, K. C. (2019). Seasonal changes in body condition and torpor use of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris).